MaidSafe[1] is a similar scheme for data (not CPU cycles) and it does have a currency based on amount shared and a couple of other things. It is also serverless but it doesn't use a blockchain. They are doing a lot of active development in the space right now.

1 - http://maidsafe.net/

Edit: actually it does appear a goal is to share computing power though I know less about those details compared to the data distribution. Ref: https://forum.safenetwork.io/t/homomorphic-encryption-by-mit...